मदद:IPA/French: रिवीजन सभ के बीचा में अंतर

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the status of [x] as a marginal phoneme distinct from /r/ is quite dubious, see history at French phonology
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लाइन 8:
{| style="background:none;"
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
|+ [[Consonant]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''b'''on
| style="text-align: left;" | a'''b'''out
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''d'''eux, gran'''d'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | to'''d'''ay
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''f'''aire, vi'''f'''
| style="text-align: left;" | '''f'''estival
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''g'''arçon, lon'''gu'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | a'''g'''ain
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''c'''orps, ave'''c'''
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''y
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''aisser, possib'''l'''e, seu'''l'''
| style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''oo
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''ê'''m'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''oo
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''n'''ous, bo'''nn'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | '''n'''o
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | ga'''gn'''er, champa'''gn'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | ''roughly like'' ca'''ny'''on
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''ère, grou'''p'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''y
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʁ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''r'''ega'''r'''der, nôt'''r'''e<ref>The French rhotic {{IPA|/ʁ/}} is usually [[guttural R#French|uvular]], but it varies by region. For example, in [[Quebec French|Québec]] both {{IPAblink|r}} and {{IPAblink|ʀ}} are used, depending on both region and age.</ref>
| style="text-align: left;" | ''roughly like'' lo'''ch''' (Scottish English) but voiced, like "gh" in Scottish Gaelic
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''ans, '''ç'''a, a'''ss'''ez
| style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''ir
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ance
| style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''oe
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''out, '''th'''é, gran'''d'''-oncle
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''y
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''v'''ous, '''w'''agon, neu'''f''' heures
| style="text-align: left;" | '''v'''iew
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''z'''éro, rai'''s'''on, cho'''s'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | '''z'''eal
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''j'''amais, visa'''g'''e
| style="text-align: left;" | mea'''s'''ure
|-
! colspan="3" | Non-native consonants
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''Dj'''akarta, '''j'''azz, bu'''dg'''et
| style="text-align: left;" | '''j'''am
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | campi'''ng''', bi'''n'''go<ref>In European French, {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is often pronounced {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}}, but in Québec, it is merged with {{IPA|/ɲ/}}.</ref>
| style="text-align: left;" | campi'''ng'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | Da'''tch'''a, '''ci'''ao, sandwi'''ch'''
| style="text-align: left;" | '''Ch'''ina
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Semivowel]]s
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | f'''i'''ef, pa'''y'''er, fi'''ll'''e, trava'''il'''
| style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''et
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''ou'''i, l'''o'''i, m'''o'''yen, '''w'''eb, '''w'''hisky
| style="text-align: left;" | '''w'''et
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɥ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | h'''u'''it, P'''u'''y
| style="text-align: left;" | ''like a simultaneous'' '''w'''et ''and'' '''y'''et
|}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
|+ [[Vowel]]s<ref>Nasal vowels are lengthened before any consonant, but oral vowels are lengthened before {{IPA|[v, ʁ, z, ʒ]}}.</ref>
! colspan="3" | Oral vowels
लाइन 116:
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ä|a}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | p'''a'''tte, l'''à'''
| style="text-align: left;" | tr'''a'''p ''(modern [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] and [[Northern England English|Northern English]])''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɑ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | p'''â'''te, gl'''a'''s<ref name="merger">In Parisian French, {{IPA|/œ̃/}} is usually merged with {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}}, {{IPA|/ɑ/}} with {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} with {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. The pairs may be distinguished in Belgian, Swiss and Canadian French and in some regions of France or among older speakers.</ref>
| style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | cl'''é''', l'''e'''s, ch'''e'''z, all'''e'''r, pi'''e'''d, journ'''ée'''
| style="text-align: left;" | h'''e'''y
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''aie''', f'''ai'''te, m'''e'''ttre, r'''e'''nne, cr'''è'''me, p'''ei'''ne
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''e'''st
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɛː}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | f'''ê'''te, m'''aî'''tre, m'''è'''tre, r'''ei'''ne, r'''eî'''tre, c'''ai'''sse, pr'''e'''sse, Lem'''ais'''tre, Lév'''es'''que<ref name="merger" />
| style="text-align: left;" | r'''e'''d
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɵ̞|ə}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | l'''e''', r'''e'''poser, m'''on'''sieur, f'''ai'''sons<ref>{{IPA|/ə/}} is frequently pronounced as {{IPAblink|ø}}. See [[e muet]] for more information.</ref>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''gain ''(often [[elision|elided]], see [[e muet]])''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''i''', '''î'''le, rég'''ie''', '''y'''
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''ee'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|œ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''œu'''r, j'''eu'''ne
| style="text-align: left;" | ''closely like'' b'''ir'''d ''(RP)''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ø}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | c'''eu'''x, j'''eû'''ner, qu'''eue'''
| style="text-align: left;" | ''roughly like'' b'''ir'''d
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''au'''t, h'''au'''t, bur'''eau'''
| style="text-align: left;" | g'''o''' ''([[Scottish English|Scottish English]])''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''o'''rt, minim'''u'''m
| style="text-align: left;" | l'''o'''t (RP/Australian)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | c'''ou'''p, r'''oue'''
| style="text-align: left;" | t'''oo'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | t'''u''', s'''û'''r, r'''ue'''
| style="text-align: left;" | no English equivalent; similar to b'''ee''' but with rounded lips
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Nasal vowel]]s
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɑ̃}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''an'''s, ch'''am'''p, v'''en'''t, t'''em'''ps, J'''ean''', t'''aon'''
| style="text-align: left;" | ''roughly like'' '''on''' ''(American English)'', nasalized'' {{IPAblink|ɒ}} or {{IPAblink|ɑ}}. r'''en'''dez-vous
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɛ̃}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | v'''in''', '''im'''pair, p'''ain''', d'''aim''', pl'''ein''', R'''eim'''s, s'''yn'''thèse, s'''ym'''pa, bi'''en'''
| style="text-align: left;" | ''roughly like'' m'''an''' (RP); nasalized'' {{IPAblink|æ}}<!-- see YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV-auFSTrMY --> or {{IPAblink|ɛ}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|œ̃}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | '''un''', parf'''um'''<ref name="merger" />
| style="text-align: left;" | ''roughly like'' b'''urn'''; nasalized'' {{IPAblink|œ}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɔ̃}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''on''', n'''om'''
| style="text-align: left;" | ''roughly like'' b'''one''' (American English); nasalized'' {{IPAblink|o}} or {{IPAblink|ɔ}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;"
लाइन 192:
! Example !! Explanation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | mo'''yen''' {{IPA|[mwaˈjɛ̃]}}<ref>The stress falls on the last full syllable of a [[prosodic unit|phrase]] except in emphatic speech.</ref>
| style="text-align: left;" | phrasal stress
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|.}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | p'''ay'''s {{IPA|[pe.i]}}<ref>The syllable break {{angbr|{{IPA|.}}}} is used sparingly.</ref>
| style="text-align: left;" | syllable boundary
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|‿}}</big>
| style="text-align: left;" | le'''s a'''gneaux {{IPA|[lez‿aˈɲo]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Liaison (French)|liaison]]<ref>In liaison, the latent final consonant is pronounced before a following vowel sound, but ''s'' and ''x'' are voiced and pronounced {{IPAblink|z}}, and ''d'' is unvoiced and pronounced {{IPAblink|t}}.</ref>
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