1965 के भारत-पाक युद्ध

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
	Part of the Indo-Pakistani Wars
Date	अगस्त – 23 September 1965
Location	South Asia
Result	Inconclusive; United Nations mandated ceasefire.; No permanent territorial changes (see Tashkent Declaration).;
Belligerents
भारत	पाकिस्तान
Commanders and leaders
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; (President of India); Lal Bahadur Shastri; (Prime Minister of India); Gen. J.N Chaudhuri; (Chief of the Army Staff); Lt.Gen. Harbaksh Singh; (Western Army Command) ; AM Arjan Singh; (Chief of the Air Staff) ; Maj.Gen. Gurbaksh Singh; (GOC, 15th Infantry Division) ; Brig. Z.C.Bakhshi	Ayub Khan; (President of Pakistan) ; Gen Muhammad Musa; (Chief of Army Staff) ; AM Malik Nur Khan; (Chief of Air Staff) ; Adm S.M. Ahsan; (Chief of Naval Staff) ; LGen Bakhtiar Rana; (Commander, I Corps) ; MGen Tikka Khan; (GOC, 12th Regiment Artillery) ; MGen A.H. Malik; (GOC, 12th Army Infantry) ; MGen Iftikhar Janjua ; BGen A.A. Malik; (24th Army Infantry); Cdre S.M. Anwar; (Commander, 25th Navy Group)
Strength
700,000 Infantry; 720 Tanks 186 Centurions; 346 Shermans; 90 AMX; 90 PT-76; 628 Artillery 66x 3.7"How; 450x 25pdr; 96x 5.5"; 16x 7.2";	260,000 Infantry; 756 Tanks 352 Pattons; 308 Shermans; 96 Chaffees; 552 Artillery 72x105mm How; 234X25pdr; 126x155mm How; 48x8" How; 72x3.7" How; POK Lt Btys;
Casualties and losses
Neutral claims 3,000 men; 150–190 tanks; 60–75 aircraft; 540 km2 (210mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Rann of Kutch); Indian claims 35–59 aircraft lost In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down.; 322 km2 territory lost; Pakistani claims 8,200 men killed or captured; 110–113 aircraft destroyed; 500 tanks captured or destroyed ; 2602, 2575 km2 territory gained;	Neutral claims 3,800 men; 200-300 Tanks; 20 aircraft; Over 1,840 km2 (710 mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Sialkot, Lahore, and Kashmir sectors); Pakistani claims 19 aircraft lost; Indian claims 5259 men killed or captured ; 43 −73 aircraft destroyed ; 471 tanks destroyed ; 3,900 km2 territory gained;

1965 के भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध अप्रैल 1965 से सितंबर 1965 के बीच भारत आ पाकिस्तान के बीच बढ़त कड़वाहट के नतीजा रहे। पाकिस्तान ऑपरेशन जिब्राल्टर के नाँव से एगो अभियान चलवलस जेवना के मुख्य उद्देश्य जम्मू-कश्मीर में सेना घुसा के भारत के सत्ता के खिलाफ इंसरजेंसी में शामिल होखे के रहे। भारत एकर जबाब पुरा खुला लड़ाई के रूप में दिहलस आ पच्छिमी पाकिस्तान पर हमला क दिहलस। सतरह दिन चलल एह लड़ाई में दुनों ओर से हजारन लोग मारल गइल आ ई दुसरा बिस्व जुद्ध के बाद ई टैंक के सभसे बड़हन लड़ाई भी बनल। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हस्तक्षेप के बाद दुनों देश के बीच में सीज फायर के घोषणा भइल आ अंत में ताशकंद समझौता भइल।

लड़ाई के परिणाम के बारे में दुनों देश अपना के जीतल बतावे लें हालाँकि, समीक्षक लोग के बिचार में एह में भारत के ढेर फ़ायदा भइल आ ऊ दक्खिन एशिया के एगो मजबूत ताकत के रूप में सामने आइल।^[18]^[19] एह लड़ाई के समय भारत के प्रधानमंत्री लालबहादुर शास्त्री के भारत में काफ़ी तारीफ़ मिलल।

संदर्भ

↑ "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965". Global Security.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rakshak, Bharat. "Page 15" (PDF). Official History. दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 ^3.14 ^3.15 ^3.16 ^3.17 SIngh, Lt.Gen Harbaksh (1991). War Despatches. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 7. ISBN 81-7062-117-8.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 Thomas M. Leonard (2006). Encyclopedia of the developing world. Taylor & Francis. pp. 806–. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3. Retrieved 14 अप्रैल 2011.
↑ "Indo-Pakistan Wars". Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
↑ Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Praagh, David. The greater game: India's race with destiny and China. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2639-0.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Johnson, Robert. A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947. Reaktion Books, 2005. ISBN 1-86189-257-8.
↑ Van Creveld, 2012, pp. 286–287.
↑ "Official History of IAF in 65 War" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
↑ Bharat-Rakshak.com http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html Archived 2015-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 1965 War: A Different Legacy: ALL THINGS PAKISTAN. Pakistaniat.com (1965-09-06). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
↑ 1965 War. Pakistan army (2009-09-01). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
↑ Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. p. 172.
↑ The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
↑ "Ceasefire & After". Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
↑ Hagerty, Devin. South Asia in world politics. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 26. ISBN 0-7425-2587-2. Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.
↑ After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 the balance of military power had decisively shifted in favor of India. Pakistan had found it difficult to replace the heavy equipment lost during that conflict while her adversary, despite her economic and political problems, had been determinedly building up her strength. --S.M. Burke (in Hagerty).

ई इतिहास-संबंधित लेख एगो आधार बाटे। जानकारी जोड़ के एकरा के बढ़ावे में विकिपीडिया के मदद करीं।

[Global_Security_indo-pak_1965-1] "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965". Global Security.

[Chapter_1_official_history-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rakshak, Bharat. "Page 15" (PDF). Official History. दि टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.

[War_Despatches-3] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 ^3.14 ^3.15 ^3.16 ^3.17 SIngh, Lt.Gen Harbaksh (1991). War Despatches. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 7. ISBN 81-7062-117-8.

[Encyclopedia_of_the_developing_world-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 Thomas M. Leonard (2006). Encyclopedia of the developing world. Taylor & Francis. pp. 806–. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3. Retrieved 14 अप्रैल 2011.

[Indo-Pakistan_Wars-5] "Indo-Pakistan Wars". Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2016.

[6] Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9.

[af45-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Praagh, David. The greater game: India's race with destiny and China. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2639-0.

[af46-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Johnson, Robert. A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947. Reaktion Books, 2005. ISBN 1-86189-257-8.

[Van_Creveld,_2012,_pp._286-287-9] Van Creveld, 2012, pp. 286–287.

[Official_History_of_IAF_in_65_War-10] "Official History of IAF in 65 War" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

[bharat-rakshak.com-11] Bharat-Rakshak.com http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html Archived 2015-05-07 at the Wayback Machine

[Nordeen's_Indo-Pak_1965_Conflict-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8.

[1965p6-13] 13.0 ^13.1 1965 War: A Different Legacy: ALL THINGS PAKISTAN. Pakistaniat.com (1965-09-06). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.

[14] 1965 War. Pakistan army (2009-09-01). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.

[S_Tucker-15] Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. p. 172.

[tribune_IAF's_ground_reality-16] The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.

[bharatrakshak-17] "Ceasefire & After". Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

[Hagerty-18] Hagerty, Devin. South Asia in world politics. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 26. ISBN 0-7425-2587-2. Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.

[19] After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 the balance of military power had decisively shifted in favor of India. Pakistan had found it difficult to replace the heavy equipment lost during that conflict while her adversary, despite her economic and political problems, had been determinedly building up her strength. --S.M. Burke (in Hagerty).

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